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<td id="header-avatar-image-container" valign="top" style="padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; vertical-align: top; width: 32px; padding-right: 9px"><a href="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/display/~mmichelson?src=email" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><img id="header-avatar-image" class="image_fix" src="cid:avatar_99ed0aa29d6f204db4785296f8170422" height="32" width="32" border="0" style="border-radius: 3px; vertical-align: top" /></a></td>
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<td id="page-title-pattern-icon-image-container-cell" style="padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; width: 16px; padding: 9px 8px 0px 0px; mso-text-raise: 5px; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><a href="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/display/AST/res_pjsip+Remote+Attended+Transfers?src=email" title="page icon" style="vertical-align: top;; color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><img style="vertical-align: top; display: block;" src="cid:page-icon" alt="page icon" title="page icon" height="16" width="16" border="0" /></a></td>
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<table class="content-excerpt-pattern" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" width="100%" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; color: #333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-text-raise: 1px">
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<td class="content-excerpt-pattern-container mobile-resize-text " style="padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0 0 0 24px"> <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">...</p> <p class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"></p>
<table class="diff-macro bodyless" style="background-color: #f0f0f0;border: 1px solid #dddddd;margin: 10px 1px;padding: 0 2px 2px;width: 100%;margin: 5px 0; padding: 0; width: auto;; border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; color: #333">
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<th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB/5635/60fd2eb45debbf4ede2b669f4c9b96b4ce40a937.48/_/plugins/servlet/confluence/placeholder/macro-icon?name=gliffy" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>Gliffy Diagram</th>
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<td class="diff-macro-properties" style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;padding: 0; border: 1px solid #dddddd;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; color: #333">
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<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"></td>
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<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse">name</td>
<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse">Full-call</td>
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</table> </td>
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</table> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"></p> <p class="diff-block-target" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-0" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">The arrows indicate the direction of the initial call. The Call-ID, from-tag, and to-tag will become important later.</span> </p> <p class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">Now, Bob wants to perform an attended transfer to Carol, so he places a call to Carol:</p> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-0" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;"> </span> </p> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"></p>
<table class="diff-macro bodyless diff-html-added" style="background-color: #f0f0f0;border: 1px solid #dddddd;margin: 10px 1px;padding: 0 2px 2px;width: 100%;margin: 5px 0; padding: 0; width: auto;background-color: #ddfade;border-color: #93c49f;; border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; color: #333">
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<th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;"><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-1" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB/5635/60fd2eb45debbf4ede2b669f4c9b96b4ce40a937.48/_/plugins/servlet/confluence/placeholder/macro-icon?name=gliffy" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>Gliffy Diagram</span></th>
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<td class="diff-macro-properties" style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;padding: 0; border: 1px solid #dddddd;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; color: #333">
<tbody>
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<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"></td>
<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"></td>
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<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">name</span></td>
<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Alice-to-Bob-to-Carol</span></td>
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</table> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"></p> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">As you can see, Bob has simultaneous calls through two separate Asterisk servers. Now when Bob performs the attended transfer, what happens? Bob will send a SIP REFER request to <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-2" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">either </span>Asterisk A <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-1" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">to indicate that he wants to transfer Alice</span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-3" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">or Asterisk B to get the two Asterisk instances in contact with each other. Most phones will send the REFER to Asterisk A since it is the original leg of the call, so that is what we will do in our scenario</span>. The REFER request has a Refer-To header that specifies details of the transfer. <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-2" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">An example </span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-4" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">The </span>Refer-To header <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-5" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">for this particular transfer </span>looks <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-3" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">something </span>like the following:</p>
<table class="diff-macro diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="background-color: #f0f0f0;border: 1px solid #dddddd;margin: 10px 1px;padding: 0 2px 2px;width: 100%;; border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; color: #333">
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<th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB/5635/60fd2eb45debbf4ede2b669f4c9b96b4ce40a937.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/noformat.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>No Format</th>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <pre style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">Refer-To: <sip:carol@asterisk_b.com?Replaces=<span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-4" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">eOh2AiDxGeoObQv4t.2UiiEusICXdBCf%3Bto</span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-6" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">ABCDE%3Bto</span>-<span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-5" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">tag%3D660f6ec9-3451-4fd1-95d1-edf8c631fd66%3Bfrom-tag%3DRO-.-1p.8Z1kbbmFzioFRL3ye1-Epi0M></span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-7" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">tag%3DBtoBobfrom-tag%3DBobtoB></span>
</pre> </td>
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</table> <p class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">That's a bit verbose. So let's break it down a little bit. First, there is a SIP URI:</p>
<table class="diff-macro diff-block-context" style="background-color: #f0f0f0;border: 1px solid #dddddd;margin: 10px 1px;padding: 0 2px 2px;width: 100%;; border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; color: #333">
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<th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB/5635/60fd2eb45debbf4ede2b669f4c9b96b4ce40a937.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/noformat.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>No Format</th>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <pre style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">sip:carol@asterisk_b.com</pre> </td>
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</table> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">Next, there is a <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-8" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Replaces </span>URI header. There are some URL-escaped character sequences in there. If we decode them, we get the following:</p>
<table class="diff-macro diff-block-target" style="background-color: #f0f0f0;border: 1px solid #dddddd;margin: 10px 1px;padding: 0 2px 2px;width: 100%;; border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; color: #333">
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<th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB/5635/60fd2eb45debbf4ede2b669f4c9b96b4ce40a937.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/noformat.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>No Format</th>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <pre style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">Replaces: <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-6" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">eOh2AiDxGeoObQv4t.2UiiEusICXdBCf</span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-9" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">ABCDE</span>;to-tag=<span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-7" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">660f6ec9-3451-4fd1-95d1-edf8c631fd66</span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-10" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">BtoBob</span>;from-tag=<span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-8" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">RO-.-1p.8Z1kbbmFzioFRL3ye1-Epi0M</span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-11" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">BobtoB</span>
</pre> </td>
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</table> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">If we break down the parts of this, what the Replaces section tells us is that the REFER request is saying that the SIP dialog with Call-ID "<span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-9" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">eOh2AiDxGeoObQv4t.2UiiEusICXdBCf</span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-12" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">ABCDE</span>", to-tag "<span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-10" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">660f6ec9-3451-4fd1-95d1-edf8c631fd66</span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-13" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">BtoBob</span>" and from-tag "<span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-11" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">RO-.-1p.8Z1kbbmFzioFRL3ye1-Epi0M</span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-14" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">BobtoB</span>" needs to be replaced by the party <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-15" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">(or parties) </span>that Bob is talking to.</p> <p class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">Asterisk has built into it a bit of an optimization to avoid unnecessary SIP traffic by looking up the dialog referred to by the Replaces header. If the dialog is found in the Asterisk system, then Asterisk simply performs a local attended transfer. This involves internal operations such as moving a channel from one bridge to another, or creating a local channel to link two bridges together.</p> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">However, in this case, the dialog referred to by Bob's Replaces header is not on Asterisk A. It <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-12" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">'s </span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-16" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">is </span>on Asterisk B. So Asterisk A cannot perform a local attended transfer. This is where a remote attended transfer is required.</p> <h1 id="res_pjsipRemoteAttendedTransfers-FromaSIPpointofview" class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0">From a SIP point of view</h1> <p class="diff-block-target" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-13" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">If you look at specifications for SIP </span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-17" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Remote </span>attended transfers <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-14" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">, remote </span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-18" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">are the type of </span>attended transfers <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-15" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">are considered to be the normal case since SIP user agents involved in a call are not typically colocated</span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-19" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">referred to in SIP specifications, such as </span><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5589#section-7" class="external-link" rel="nofollow" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">RFC 5589 section 7</span></a>. When a SIP user agent receives a REFER <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-16" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">header</span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-20" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">request</span>, the user agent is supposed to send an INVITE to the URI in the Refer-To header <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-21" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">to start a new call with the user agent at that URI</span>. The INVITE should have a Replaces header that has the same contents as the Replaces URI header from the REFER request. <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-22" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">This tells the user agent that receives the INVITE to replace the referenced dialog with this new call instead.</span> </p> <p class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">In the scenario above, when Asterisk A receives the REFER request from Bob, Asterisk A should respond by sending an INVITE to <code style="font-family: monospace">sip:carol@asterisk_b.com</code> and add</p>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <pre style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">Replaces: <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-17" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">eOh2AiDxGeoObQv4t.2UiiEusICXdBCf</span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-23" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">ABCDE</span>;to-tag=<span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-18" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">660f6ec9-3451-4fd1-95d1-edf8c631fd66</span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-24" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">BtoBob</span>;from-tag=<span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-19" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">RO-.-1p.8Z1kbbmFzioFRL3ye1-Epi0M</span>
</pre> </td>
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</table> <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">...</p>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <pre style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">
<span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-25" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">BobtoB</span>
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</table> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">When </span>Asterisk B receives <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-20" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">the </span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-26" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">this </span>INVITE, it <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-21" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">knows to replace the referred-to dialog with the incoming INVITE</span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-27" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">will essentially swap this new call in for the call referenced by the Replaces header</span>. By doing this, the final picture looks something like the following:</p> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"></p>
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<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">name</span></td>
<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Complete-transfer</span></td>
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</table> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"></p> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">A new dialog with Call-ID ZYXWV has replaced the previous dialog with Call-ID ABCDE. The previously-illustrated dialog between Bob and Asterisk A with Call-ID 12345 is gone because Bob's phone ended that dialog once the transfer was completed.</span> </p> <h1 id="res_pjsipRemoteAttendedTransfers-HowAsteriskhandlesthis" class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0">How Asterisk handles this</h1> <p class="diff-block-target" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">Asterisk will rarely ever directly place outbound calls without going through the dialplan. When Asterisk A receives the REFER request from Bob, Asterisk does not immediately send an INVITE with Replaces header to Asterisk B. Instead, Asterisk A looks for a specifically-named extension called "external_replaces". Asterisk searches for this extension in the context specified by the <code style="font-family: monospace">TRANSFER_CONTEXT</code> channel variable <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-22" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">, </span>if present on Bob's channel, or in the <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-23" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">configured context for </span>Bob's endpoint<span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-29" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">'s configured context </span>otherwise. Once in the dialplan, it is the job of the dialplan writer to determine whether to complete the transfer or not.</p> <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">...</p>
<ul class="diff-block-target" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">
<li> <code style="font-family: monospace">SIPTRANSFER</code>: Set to "yes" to indicate that a SIP transfer is happening. This is only useful if, for whatever reason, you are using <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-24" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">your </span>the <code style="font-family: monospace">external_replaces</code> extension for <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-30" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">additional </span>purposes <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-25" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">other </span>than a SIP remote attended transfer.</li>
<li> <code style="font-family: monospace">SIPREFERRINGCONTEXT</code>: This is the dialplan context in which the <code style="font-family: monospace">external_replaces</code> extension was found. This may be useful if your <code style="font-family: monospace">external_replaces</code> extension calls into subroutines or <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-26" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">goes </span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-31" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">jumps </span>to other contexts.</li>
<li> <code style="font-family: monospace">SIPREFERTOHDR</code>: This is the SIP URI in the Refer-To header in the REFER request sent by the transferring party.</li>
</ul> <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">...</p> <p class="diff-block-target" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">Now that the theory has been presented, you'll need to write your <code style="font-family: monospace">external_replaces</code> extension. <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-27" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">Well actually, first, you will need to determine whether you want to allow remote attended transfers at all. If you do not, then your best bet </span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-32" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">One option you have </span>is to not write an <code style="font-family: monospace">external_replaces</code> extension at all. <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-33" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">This will prevent any remote attended transfers from succeeding.</span> </p> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">If you do want to write an <code style="font-family: monospace">external_replaces</code> externsion, the first thing you want to do is determine if you want to perform the remote attended transfer. <code style="font-family: monospace">SIPREFERTOHDR</code>, and values provided by the <code style="font-family: monospace">CHANNEL()</code> dialplan function <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-34" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">can help you to decide if you want to allow the transfer</span>. For instance, you might use <code style="font-family: monospace">CHANNEL(endpoint)</code> to see which PJSIP endpoint is performing the transfer<span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-28" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">. You </span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-35" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">, and you </span>can inspect <code style="font-family: monospace">SIPREFERTOHDR</code> to determine if the transfer is destined for a trusted domain.</p>
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<th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB/5635/60fd2eb45debbf4ede2b669f4c9b96b4ce40a937.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/note.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>Note</th>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">Asterisk dialplan contains functions for manipulating strings. However, there is nothing in the dialplan that is <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-36" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">specifically </span>designed to parse a URI. While you could use string manipulation functions for looking at URI details, it is recommended that you do so in an AGI <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-37" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">script </span>using a programming language that provides URI parsing libraries.</p> </td>
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</table> <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">...</p> <p class="diff-block-target" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">Let's examine that <code style="font-family: monospace">Dial()</code> more closely. First, we're dialing using PJSIP, which is pretty obvious. Next, we have the endpoint name. The endpoint name could be any configured endpoint you want to use to make this call. Remember that endpoint settings are things such as what codecs to use, what user name to place in the from header, etc. By default, if you just dial <code style="font-family: monospace">PJSIP/<span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-29" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">my</span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-38" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">some</span>_endpoint</code>, Asterisk looks at <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-30" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">my</span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-39" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">some</span>_endpoint's configured <code style="font-family: monospace">aors</code> to determine what location to send the outgoing call to. However, you can <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-31" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">always </span>override this default <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-40" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">behavior </span>and specify a URI to send the call to instead. This is what is being done in this <code style="font-family: monospace">Dial()</code> statement. We're dialing using settings for an endpoint called "default_outgoing", presumably used as a default endpoint for outgoing calls. We're sending the call out to the URI specified by <code style="font-family: monospace">SIPREFERTOHDR</code> though. Using the scenario on this page, the <code style="font-family: monospace">Dial()</code> command would route the call to <code style="font-family: monospace">sip:carol@asterisk_b</code>.</p> <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">...</p> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">The easiest but most severe way to prevent remote attended transfers is to set <code style="font-family: monospace">allow_transfer </code><span class="diff-html-removed" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;"> </span><span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-32" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">to </span><code style="font-family: monospace"><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-41" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">= </span><span class="diff-html-changed" id="changed-diff-0" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">no</span></code> for all endpoints. The problem with doing this is that it also prevents local attended transfers and blind transfers.</p> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">A <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-33" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">better way is to </span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-42" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">second way has been discussed already, and that is not to write an </span><code style="font-family: monospace"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">external_replaces</span></code><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"> extension. This prevents any attempted remote attended transfers from succeeding, but it does not help to prevent the remote attended transfer from happening in the first place.</span> </p> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Another way is to </span>configure your Asterisk server to only call phones that are directly registered to it <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-34" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">, </span>and trusted SIP servers. In the scenario we have been inspecting<span class="diff-html-removed" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;"> </span><span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-35" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">before</span>, the remote attended transfer could have been avoided by having Asterisk A call Bob through Asterisk B instead of dialing Bob directly. By receiving the initial call through Asterisk B, Bob will send his REFER request to Asterisk B<span class="diff-html-removed" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;"> </span><span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-36" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">instead of Asterisk A</span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-43" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">, who is aware of all necessary dialogs</span>. Asterisk B will be able to perform a local attended transfer to Carol as a result. <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-44" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Configuring Asterisk this way is not necessarily guaranteed to prevent all remote attended transfer attempts, but it will help to lessen them.</span> </p> </td>
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