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<td id="header-avatar-image-container" valign="top" style="padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; vertical-align: top; width: 32px; padding-right: 9px"><a href="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/display/~kmoore?src=email" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><img id="header-avatar-image" class="image_fix" src="cid:avatar_d85270d3fb7db00ff5572666ba67d7fd" height="32" width="32" border="0" style="border-radius: 3px; vertical-align: top" /></a></td>
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<td class="notification-comment-pattern-container mobile-resize-text" style="padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0px"><strong>Change comment:</strong> formatting and wording tweaks</td>
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<td id="page-title-pattern-icon-image-container-cell" style="padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; width: 16px; padding: 9px 8px 0px 0px; mso-text-raise: 5px; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><a href="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/display/AST/Bridges?src=email" title="page icon" style="vertical-align: top;; color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><img style="vertical-align: top; display: block;" src="cid:page-icon" alt="page icon" title="page icon" height="16" width="16" border="0" /></a></td>
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<td class="content-excerpt-pattern-container mobile-resize-text " style="padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0 0 0 24px"> <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">...</p>
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<th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB-1988229788/4732/f543bd9a3bbc12daed85f6f5e5cba84282599932.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/section.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>Section</th>
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<th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB-1988229788/4732/f543bd9a3bbc12daed85f6f5e5cba84282599932.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/column.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>Column</th>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <h1 id="Bridges-Overview" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">Overview</h1> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">In Asterisk, a bridge is the construct that shares media among <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">Channels</a>. While a channel represents the path of communication between Asterisk and some device, a bridge is how that path of communication is shared among one or more channels. Note that while we generally think of media being directed between two channels, media can also be directed from Asterisk into the channels in a bridge. This can be the case in some conferences, where Music on Hold (MoH) is played for waiting channels. While channels are in a bridge, their media is exchanged in a manner dictated by the bridge's <strong>mixing type</strong>.</p> </td>
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<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">On this Page</span></td>
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<th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB-1988229788/4732/f543bd9a3bbc12daed85f6f5e5cba84282599932.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/toc.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>Table of Contents</span></th>
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<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">false</span></td>
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<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">2</span></td>
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</table> <h2 id="Bridges-Whenarebridgescreated?" class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-changed" id="changed-diff-0" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">When are bridges created?</span> </h2> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">Generally, a bridge is created by Asterisk when it knows that two or more channels want to communicate. A variety of applications and API calls can cause a bridge to be created. Some of these include:</span> </p>
<ul class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">
<li> <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">Dial</span></a><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;"> - a bridge is created for the two channels when the outbound channel answers. Both the inbound channel and the outbound channel are placed into the bridge.</span> </li>
<li> <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">Bridge</span></a><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;"> - this directly creates a new bridge and places two channels into the bridge. Unlike Dial, both channels have to already exist.</span> </li>
<li> <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">BridgeWait</span></a><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;"> (Asterisk 12+) - creates a special holding bridge and places a channel into it. Any number of channels may join the holding bridge, which can entertain them in a variety of ways.</span> </li>
<li> <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">MeetMe</span></a><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">/</span><a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">ConfBridge</span></a><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;"> - both of these applications are used for conferencing, and can support multiple channels together in the same bridge.</span> </li>
<li> <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">Page</span></a><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;"> - a conferencing bridge (similar to MeetMe/ConfBridge) is used to direct the audio from the announcer to the many dialled channels.</span> </li>
<li> <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">Parking</span></a><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;"> (Asterisk 12+) - a special holding bridge is used for Parking, which entertains the waiting channel with hold music.</span> </li>
<li> <span class="confluence-link"><a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">DTMF Features</span></a></span><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;"> - DTMF feature invocations can create, modify, or destroy bridges</span> </li>
<li> <span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">External interfaces such as </span><a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">AMI</span></a><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;"> and </span><a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">ARI</span></a><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;"> (Asterisk 12+) </span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-1" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">can directly manipulate bridges and their participants</span> </li>
</ul> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-2" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"> </span> </p>
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<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">Asterisk 12+: Bridging Changed</span></td>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0"> <span class="diff-html-changed" id="changed-diff-4" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">In Asterisk 12, the bridging framework that </span><a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">ConfBridge</span></a><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;"> was built on top of was extended to all bridges that Asterisk creates (with the exception of MeetMe). There are some new capabilities that this afforded Asterisk users; where applicable, this page will call out features that only apply to Asterisk 12 and later versions.</span> </p>
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</table> <h2 id="Bridges-Whathappenswhenabridgeends?" class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0">What happens when a bridge ends?</h2> <p class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">Channels typically leave a bridge when the application that created the bridge is terminated (such as a conference leader ending a ConfBridge conference) or when the other side hangs up (such as in a two-party bridge created by Dial). When channels leave a bridge they either continue doing what they were doing prior to entering the bridge, they continue executing dialplan, or they are hung up.</p> <h1 id="Bridges-BridgeTypes" class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-changed" id="changed-diff-5" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">Bridge </span> </h1> <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">...</p> <h1 id="Bridges-BridgeTypes" class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;"> </span><span class="diff-html-changed" id="changed-diff-6" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">Types</span> </h1> <p class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">There are many types of bridges in Asterisk, each of which determine how the media is mixed between the participants of the bridge. In general, there are three categories of bridge types within Asterisk: two party, multi-party, and holding.</p> <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">...</p> <p class="diff-block-target" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">A native bridge occurs when both participants in a two-party bridge have similar channel technologies. When this occurs, Asterisk defers the transfer of media to the channel drivers/protocol stacks themselves, and simply monitors for the channels leaving the bridge (either due to hangup, time-out, or some other condition). With the media being handled in the channel drivers/protocol stacks, no transcoding, media manipulation, recording, DTMF, or other features depending on media interpretation can be done by Asterisk. On the other hand, native bridges are <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-2" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">fast</span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-3" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">more performant</span>!</p> <p class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">The following channel technologies support native bridging:</p>
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<li> <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">RTP capable channel drivers</a> (such as SIP channels)</li>
<li> <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">DAHDI channels</a> </li>
<li> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0"> <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">IAX2 channels</a> (Asterisk 11-)</p>
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<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse">Asterisk 12+ IAX2 Native Bridging is Gone</td>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0"> <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-3" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;"> As </span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-4" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">As </span>it turned out, IAX2 native bridging was not much more efficient than a standard core bridge. In an IAX2 native bridge, the media must still be handled a good bit, i.e., placed into internal Asterisk frames. As such, when the bridging in Asterisk was converted to the new smart bridging framework, the IAX2 native bridge did not survive the transition.</p> </td>
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</ul> <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">...</p> <p class="diff-block-target" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">A local native bridge occurs when the media between two channels is handled by the channel drivers/protocol stacks themselves, but the media is still sent from each device to Asterisk. In this case, Asterisk is merely proxying the media back and forth between the two devices. <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-4" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">By default, a native bridge between two similar channels is considered to be Local</span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-5" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Most types of native bridging in Asterisk are local</span>.</p> <h4 id="Bridges-Remote" class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 20px 0 0 0">Remote</h4> <p class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">A remote native bridge occurs when the media between two channels is redirected by Asterisk to flow directly between the two devices the channels talk to. When this occurs, the media is completely outside of Asterisk. With <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">SIP</a> channels, this is often called "direct media". Not surprisingly, since the media is flowing outside of Asterisk, this bridge has the best performance in Asterisk. However, it can only be used in certain circumstances:</p> <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">...</p> <p class="diff-block-target" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">A core bridge is the basic two-party bridge in Asterisk. Any channel, of any type, can communicate with any channel of any other type. Media can be transcoded between various formats, and Asterisk's features can be triggered <span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-5" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">and executed </span>via DTMF.</p> <h2 id="Bridges-Multi-Party" class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0">Multi-Party</h2> <p class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">Multi-party bridges interact with one or more channels and may route media among them.</p> <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">...</p> </td>
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