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<td id="header-avatar-image-container" valign="top" style="padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; vertical-align: top; width: 32px; padding-right: 9px"><a href="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/display/~mjordan?src=email" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><img id="header-avatar-image" class="image_fix" src="cid:avatar_ce51dcf276530e4a4b00548e2a6d0905" height="32" width="32" border="0" style="border-radius: 3px; vertical-align: top" /></a></td>
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<td id="page-title-pattern-icon-image-container-cell" style="padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; width: 16px; padding: 9px 8px 0px 0px; mso-text-raise: 5px; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><a href="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/display/AST/Bridges?src=email" title="page icon" style="vertical-align: top;; color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><img style="vertical-align: top; display: block;" src="cid:page-icon" alt="page icon" title="page icon" height="16" width="16" border="0" /></a></td>
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<td class="content-excerpt-pattern-container mobile-resize-text " style="padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0 0 0 24px"> <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">...</p>
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<th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB-1988229788/4732/f543bd9a3bbc12daed85f6f5e5cba84282599932.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/note.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>Note</th>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">Top-level page to discuss Bridges in Asterisk</p>
<ul style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">
<li>What is a bridge?
<ul style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">
<li>How do bridges interact with channels?</li>
</ul> </li>
<li>When are bridges used?</li>
<li>What are the various bridge types?</li>
</ul>
<ol style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">
<li style="text-decoration: none;"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0"> <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);text-decoration: none;">Native</span> </p>
<ol style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">
<li style="text-decoration: none;"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0"> <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);text-decoration: none;">SIP (remote & local)</span> </p> </li>
<li style="text-decoration: none;"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0"> <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);text-decoration: none;">IAX (not in 12)</span> </p> </li>
<li style="text-decoration: none;"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0"> <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);text-decoration: none;">DAHDI</span> </p> </li>
</ol> </li>
<li style="text-decoration: none;"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0"> <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);text-decoration: none;">Core</span> </p>
<ol style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">
<li style="text-decoration: none;"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0"> <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);text-decoration: none;">Features</span> </p> </li>
</ol> </li>
<li style="text-decoration: none;"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0"> <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);text-decoration: none;">Multiparty</span> </p>
<ol style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">
<li style="text-decoration: none;"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0"> <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);text-decoration: none;">Only in 12 (unless you count ConfBridge)</span> </p> </li>
</ol> </li>
</ol> </td>
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</table> <h1 id="Bridges-Overview" class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-0" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Overview</span> </h1> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">In Asterisk, a bridge is the construct that shares media between </span><a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Channels</span></a><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">. While a channel represents the path of communication between Asterisk and some device, a bridge is how that path of communication is shared between multiple channels. Note that while we generally think of media being directed between two channels, media can also be directed from Asterisk into the channels in a bridge. This can be the case in some conferences, where Music on Hold is played for waiting channels.</span> </p> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Generally, however, a bridge is created by Asterisk when it knows that two or more channels want to communicate. A variety of applications and API calls can cause a bridge to be created. Some of these include:</span> </p>
<ul class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">
<li> <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Dial</span></a><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"> - a bridge is created for the two channels when the outbound channel answers. Both the inbound channel and the outbound channel are placed into the bridge.</span> </li>
<li> <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Bridge</span></a><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"> - this directly creates a new bridge and places two channels into the bridge. Unlike Dial, both channels have to already exist.</span> </li>
<li> <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">BridgeWait</span></a><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"> (Asterisk 12+) - creates a special holding bridge and places a channel into it. Any number of channels may join the holding bridge, which can entertain them in a variety of ways.</span> </li>
<li> <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">MeetMe</span></a><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">/</span><a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">ConfBridge</span></a><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"> - both of these applications are used for conferencing, and can support multiple channels together in the same bridge.</span> </li>
<li> <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Page</span></a><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"> - a conferencing bridge (similar to MeetMe/ConfBridge) is used to direct the audio from the announcer to the many dialled channels.</span> </li>
<li> <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Parking</span></a><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"> (Asterisk 12+) - a special holding bridge is used for Parking, which entertains the waiting channel with hold music.</span> </li>
</ul>
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<th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB-1988229788/4732/f543bd9a3bbc12daed85f6f5e5cba84282599932.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/tip.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>Tip</span></th>
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<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Asterisk 12+: Bridging Changed</span></td>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">In Asterisk 12, the bridging framework that </span><a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">ConfBridge</span></a><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"> was built on top of was extended to all bridges that Asterisk creates (with the exception of MeetMe). There are some new capabilities that this afforded Asterisk users; where applicable, this page will call out features that only apply to Asterisk 12 and later versions.</span> </p> </td>
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</table> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">While channels are in a bridge, their media is exchanged between each other in a manner dictated by the bridge's </span><strong><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">mixing type</span></strong><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">. When channels leave a bridge, they either continue doing what they were doing prior to entering the bridge; they continue executing dialplan; or they are hung up. Channels typically leave a bridge when the application that created the bridge is terminated (such as a conference leader ending a ConfBridge conference) or when the other side hangs up (such as in a two-party bridge created by Dial).</span> </p> <h1 id="Bridges-BridgeTypes" class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Bridge Types</span> </h1> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">There are many types of bridges in Asterisk, each of which determine how the media is mixed between the participants of the bridge. The following</span> </p>
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<th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB-1988229788/4732/f543bd9a3bbc12daed85f6f5e5cba84282599932.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/tip.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>Tip</span></th>
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<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Asterisk 12+: Bridges are Smart</span></td>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"> In Asterisk 12, the bridging framework is smart! It will automatically choose the best mixing technology available based on the channels in the bridge and - if needed - it will dynamically change the mixing type of the bridge based on conditions that occur. For example, a two-party core bridge may turn into a multi-party bridge if an attended transfer converges into a three-way bridge via the </span><code style="font-family: monospace"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">atxferthreeway</span></code><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"> DTMF option.</span> </p> </td>
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</table> <h2 id="Bridges-Two-Party" class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Two-Party</span> </h2> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">A two-party bridge shares media between two channels. Because there are only two participants in the bridge, certain optimizations can take place, depending on the type of channels in the bridge. As such, there are "sub-types" of two-party bridges that Asterisk can attempt to use to improve performance.</span> </p> <h3 id="Bridges-Native" class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; margin: 30px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Native</span> </h3> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">A native bridge occurs when both participants in a two-party bridge have similar channel technologies. When this occurs, Asterisk defers the transfer of media to the channel drivers/protocol stacks themselves, and simply monitors for the channels leaving the bridge (either due to hangup, time-out, or some other condition). With the media being handled in the channel drivers/protocol stacks, no transcoding, media manipulation, recording, DTMF, or other features depending on media interpretation can be done by Asterisk. On the other hand, native bridges are fast!</span> </p> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">The following channel technologies support native bridging:</span> </p>
<ul class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">
<li> <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">RTP capable channel drivers</span></a><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"> (such as SIP channels)</span> </li>
<li> <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">DAHDI channels</span></a> </li>
<li> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0"> <a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">IAX2 channels</span></a> </p>
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<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Asterisk 12+ IAX2 Native Bridging is Gone</span></td>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"> As it turned out, IAX2 native bridging was not much more efficient than a standard core bridge. In an IAX2 native bridge, the media must still be handled a good bit, i.e., placed into internal Asterisk frames. As such, when the bridging in Asterisk was converted to the new smart bridging framework, the IAX2 native bridge did not survive the transition.</span> </p> </td>
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</ul> <h4 id="Bridges-Local" class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 20px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Local</span> </h4> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">A local native bridge occurs when the media between two channels is handled by the channel drivers/protocol stacks themselves, but the media is still sent from each device to Asterisk. In this case, Asterisk is merely proxying the media back and forth between the two devices.</span> </p> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">By default, a native bridge between two similar channels is considered to be Local.</span> </p> <h4 id="Bridges-Remote" class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 20px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Remote</span> </h4> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">A remote native bridge occurs when the media between two channels is redirected by Asterisk to flow directly between the two devices the channels talk to. When this occurs, the media is completely outside of Asterisk. With </span><a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">SIP</span></a><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"> channels, this is often called "direct media". Not surprisingly, since the media is flowing outside of Asterisk, this bridge has the best performance in Asterisk. However, it can only be used in certain circumstances:</span> </p>
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<li> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Both channels in the native bridge must support direct media.</span> </li>
<li> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">The devices communicating with Asterisk cannot be behind a NAT (or otherwise obscured with a private IP address that the other device cannot resolve).</span> </li>
</ul> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Only </span><a class="confluence-link unresolved" href="#" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">SIP</span></a><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"> channels support this type of native bridge.</span> </p> <h3 id="Bridges-Core" class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; margin: 30px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Core</span> </h3> <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">A core bridge is the basic two-party bridge in Asterisk. Any channel, of any type, can communicate with any channel of any other type. Media can be transcoded between various formats, and Asterisk's features</span> </p> </td>
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