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<td id="header-avatar-image-container" valign="top" style="padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; vertical-align: top; width: 32px; padding-right: 9px"><a href="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/display/~mmichelson?src=email" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><img id="header-avatar-image" class="image_fix" src="cid:avatar_99ed0aa29d6f204db4785296f8170422" height="32" width="32" border="0" style="border-radius: 3px; vertical-align: top" /></a></td>
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<p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">This page is currently incomplete. Please refrain from commenting until this warning is removed.</p>
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<h1 id="ResourceListSubscriptions-Overview" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0">Overview</h1>
<p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">In a PBX environment, it is common for SIP devices to subscribe to many resources, especially presence resources. For instance, consider a small office where an Asterisk server acts as a PBX for 20 people, each with a SIP desk phone. Each of those 20 phones subscribes to the state of the others in the office. In this case, each of the phones would issue 19 subscriptions (since the phone does not subscribe to its own state), meaning a total of 20 * 19 = 380 subscriptions. For an office with 30 people, the total number of subscriptions becomes 30 * 29 = 870 subscriptions. For an office with 40 people, the total number of subscriptions becomes 40 * 39 = 1560, about four times the number of subscriptions for the 20-person office, despite only having twice the number of people. The number of subscriptions follows a geometric progression, leading to a situation commonly called an <em>N-squared</em> problem. In other words, the number of devices (N) is proportional to its square in the amount of activity generated and resources required. The N-squared problem with subscriptions can be a limiting factor for PBX deployers for several reasons:</p>
<ul style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">
<li>In a situation where all phones boot up simultaneously, each of the phones will be sending out their SIP SUBSCRIBEs nearly simultaneously, placing a burden on the Asterisk server's CPU.</li>
<li>In the SIP stack, N-squared long-term SIP dialogs have to be maintained, tying up more resources.</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">These limitations can result in drastically limiting the number of devices in use on an Asterisk system. Even if the hardware is capable of handling the median traffic of 200 users, it may be required to limit the number of users to 50 or less because of the N-squared subscriptions problem.</p>
<h2 id="ResourceListSubscriptions-ResourceListSubscriptions" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0">Resource List Subscriptions</h2>
<p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">A proposed solution to this problem is to implement <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4662.txt" class="external-link" rel="nofollow" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">RFC 4662 Resource List Subscriptions</a> (abbreviated RLS from here on). This RFC describes a method for SIP servers to map a single requested resource to a list of resources. In the example 20-person office from before, a list could be configured that contained all 20 users' phones. Each phone could then establish a single subscription to that list rather than having to establish 20 different subscriptions. In addition, notifications can list multiple resources in a single message, allowing for Asterisk to send fewer notifications.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">In addition to resolving the N-squared problem, configurable lists also allows for more intuitive creation of useful sub-lists of users. In an office, you could have a "Sales" list, an "Engineering" list, a "Tech Support" list, etc. Lists are not restricted to being of individual devices; lists can also have lists as items within them. This makes it possible to have an "All" list, composed of the Sales, Engineering, and Tech Support lists, for instance.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">RLS is not restricted to presence. RLS can be used for other SIP event packages, like MWI. In Asterisk, currently if subscribing to the state of multiple mailboxes, you have two options:</p>
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<li>Create multiple subscriptions, a la presence.</li>
<li>Create a single subscription that aggregates the total number of old and new messages together.</li>
</ol>
<p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">While the second option allows for a reduction in subscriptions, it makes it difficult to discern from the SIP traffic which of the subscribed mailboxes contains messages. With RLS, a user could subscribe to their personal mailbox plus, say, a tech support queue mailbox. When the user is notified of the state of mailboxes, the notifications will list the individual mailboxes in separate parts, clearly indicating which mailbox has messages.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">Adding support for RLS is a multi-part process.</p>
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<b>On this Page</b>
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<li style="margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px"> <a href="#ResourceListSubscriptions-Overview" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">Overview</a>
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<li style="margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px"> <a href="#ResourceListSubscriptions-ResourceListSubscriptions" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">Resource List Subscriptions</a> </li>
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<li style="margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px"> <a href="#ResourceListSubscriptions-Task1:AbstractionofSIPSubscriptions" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">Task 1: Abstraction of SIP Subscriptions</a> </li>
<li style="margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px"> <a href="#ResourceListSubscriptions-Task2:ImplementationofinboundRLS" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">Task 2: Implementation of inbound RLS</a>
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<li style="margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px"> <a href="#ResourceListSubscriptions-Determineandimplementconfigurationmethod" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">Determine and implement configuration method</a> </li>
<li style="margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px"> <a href="#ResourceListSubscriptions-Writetestcases(nominalandoff-nominal)" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">Write test cases (nominal and off-nominal)</a> </li>
<li style="margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px"> <a href="#ResourceListSubscriptions-Writeanapplication/rlmi+xmlbodygenerator" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">Write an application/rlmi+xml body generator</a> </li>
<li style="margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px"> <a href="#ResourceListSubscriptions-ImplementRLSsubscriptions" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">Implement RLS subscriptions</a> </li>
<li style="margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px"> <a href="#ResourceListSubscriptions-Implementbatchednotifications" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">Implement batched notifications</a> </li>
</ul> </li>
<li style="margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px"> <a href="#ResourceListSubscriptions-Task3:Multi-ServerSupport" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">Task 3: Multi-Server Support</a>
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<li style="margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px"> <a href="#ResourceListSubscriptions-Outboundsubscriptions" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">Outbound subscriptions</a> </li>
<li style="margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px"> <a href="#ResourceListSubscriptions-%22Passthrough%22subscriptions" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">"Passthrough" subscriptions</a> </li>
<li style="margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px"> <a href="#ResourceListSubscriptions-PUBLISHsupport" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">PUBLISH support</a> </li>
<li style="margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px"> <a href="#ResourceListSubscriptions-RLSmodifications" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none">RLS modifications</a> </li>
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</div> <h1 id="ResourceListSubscriptions-Task1:AbstractionofSIPSubscriptions" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0">Task 1: Abstraction of SIP Subscriptions</h1> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">This first part is a behind-the-scenes improvement. Currently, the layer between Asterisk's SIP subscription handlers and the underlying dialog maintained by PJSIP is too thin. Asterisk subscription handlers will directly call into PJSIP in order to create NOTIFY requests to send or to accept incoming subscriptions. When using RLS, a single RLS subscription can result in multiple "virtual" subscriptions for the subscription handlers. Each of these subscriptions should behave the same as a real subscription, but under the hood, the pubsub core in Asterisk should be capable of doing the right thing if the subscription is actually virtual. This requires an improvement for the pubsub API in order to create abstract operations.</p>
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<p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">This needs to be expanded on.</p>
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</div> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> </p> <h1 id="ResourceListSubscriptions-Task2:ImplementationofinboundRLS" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0">Task 2: Implementation of inbound RLS</h1> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">Once the subscription model has been abstracted, it is possible to implement support for single-server inbound RLS.</p> <h2 id="ResourceListSubscriptions-Determineandimplementconfigurationmethod" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0">Determine and implement configuration method</h2> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">RFC 4662 is purposefully vague about how a SIP server sets up its resource lists. For Asterisk, we need to determine a configuration scheme to use for setting up lists. Configuration needs to take into acocunt</p>
<ul style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">
<li>New configuration object(s) required for lists</li>
<li>How the resources for a given list are determined</li>
<li>Whether notifications are batched</li>
<li>Whether we send partial or full updates when resource states change.</li>
</ul> <h2 id="ResourceListSubscriptions-Writetestcases(nominalandoff-nominal)" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0">Write test cases (nominal and off-nominal)</h2> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">If a configuration scheme has been decided, testsuite tests can be written for RLS. A test plan for RLS can be found <insert link here>.</p> <h2 id="ResourceListSubscriptions-Writeanapplication/rlmi+xmlbodygenerator" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0">Write an application/rlmi+xml body generator</h2> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">RLS makes use of a special type of body that acts as metadata for the rest of the state being reported in a notification. For supporting inbound RFC 4662, we are not concerned with the ability to parse such data; we only need to be able to generate it for outbound NOTIFYs.</p> <h2 id="ResourceListSubscriptions-ImplementRLSsubscriptions" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0">Implement RLS subscriptions</h2> <h4 id="ResourceListSubscriptions-Addinboundsubscriptionhandling" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 20px 0 0 0">Add inbound subscription handling</h4> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">When an inbound SUBSCRIBE arrives, the pubsub layer needs to be able to determine if the requested resource is a list or not. Unfortunately, there is not anything in the inbound SUBSCRIBE that can tell us if this is a subscription to a list (the SUBSCRIBE can indicate support for RLS and application/rlmi+xml, but that does not guarantee that the requested resource is a list).</p> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">Inbound SUBSCRIBEs will need to first check if the requested resource is a list. If there is no corresponding list, then fall back to single-resource behavior that currently exists.</p> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">If the requested resource is a list, then a single real subscription needs to be set up, and a corresponding set of virtual subscriptions needs to be set up for each of the resources in the list. These virtual subscriptions will be distributed to the subscription handlers for the event package being subscribed to. The subscription handlers will treat this virtual subscription exactly the same way they treat real subscriptions.</p> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">Keep in mind that resources in a list may themselves be lists. This means that for each individual resource within the list, it will be necessary to again check if the resource is a list first before passing the named resource into the subscription handler.</p> <h4 id="ResourceListSubscriptions-AddnecessaryNOTIFYhandling" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 20px 0 0 0">Add necessary NOTIFY handling</h4> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">With the abstraction being completed in Task 1, subscription handlers should now be calling a single method in the pubsub API in order to send a notification. This task involves modifying that method to work properly for RLS.</p> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">When the pubub API is asked to send a notification, it needs to determine if the subscription is virtual or real. If real, then the notification is sent.</p> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">If the subscription is virtual, then the notification body needs to be built and that needs to be passed up to the parent subscription. The parent subscription, while not necessarily real, will definitely be a list. The list will create an appropriate multipart body (this may be a full or partial body, depending on configuration). If this list subscription is real, then the notification is sent out. If the list subscription is virtual, then the created multipart body is passed up to the parent and the process is repeated.</p> <h2 id="ResourceListSubscriptions-Implementbatchednotifications" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0">Implement batched notifications</h2> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> </p> <h1 id="ResourceListSubscriptions-Task3:Multi-ServerSupport" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0">Task 3: Multi-Server Support</h1> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">With Task 2 accomplished, Asterisk will have RLS support on a single server. RLS support would better, though, if Asterisk had the ability to subscribe to, receive notifications from, publish to, and receive publications from other SIP servers. With these facilities in place, Asterisk could set up mixed lists of local and remote resources.</p> <h2 id="ResourceListSubscriptions-Outboundsubscriptions" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0">Outbound subscriptions</h2> <h2 id="ResourceListSubscriptions-"Passthrough"subscriptions" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0">"Passthrough" subscriptions</h2> <h2 id="ResourceListSubscriptions-PUBLISHsupport" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0">PUBLISH support</h2> <h2 id="ResourceListSubscriptions-RLSmodifications" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0">RLS modifications</h2> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> </p> </td>
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