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<td id="header-avatar-image-container" valign="top" style="padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; vertical-align: top; width: 32px; padding-right: 9px"><a href="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/display/~rnewton?src=email" style="color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><img id="header-avatar-image" class="image_fix" src="cid:avatar_925838d3d8b1f71935f30b314c925d64" height="32" width="32" border="0" style="border-radius: 3px; vertical-align: top" /></a></td>
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<td class="notification-comment-pattern-container mobile-resize-text" style="padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0px"><strong>Change comment:</strong> table of contents!</td>
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<td id="page-title-pattern-icon-image-container-cell" style="padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; width: 16px; padding: 9px 8px 0px 0px; mso-text-raise: 5px; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><a href="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/display/AST/Pattern+Matching?src=email" title="page icon" style="vertical-align: top;; color: #3b73af; text-decoration: none"><img style="vertical-align: top; display: block;" src="cid:page-icon" alt="page icon" title="page icon" height="16" width="16" border="0" /></a></td>
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<table class="content-excerpt-pattern" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" width="100%" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-lspace: 0pt; mso-table-rspace: 0pt; color: #333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-text-raise: 1px">
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<th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;"><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-0" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB/5635/60fd2eb45debbf4ede2b669f4c9b96b4ce40a937.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/section.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>Section</span></th>
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<th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB/5635/60fd2eb45debbf4ede2b669f4c9b96b4ce40a937.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/column.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>Column</span></th>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0"> <span class="diff-html-changed" id="changed-diff-0" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">The next concept we'll cover is called </span><em><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">pattern matching</span></em><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">. Pattern matching allows us to create extension patterns in our dialplan that match more than one possible dialed number. Pattern matching saves us from having to create an extension in the dialplan for every possible number that might be dialed.</span> </p> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">When Alice dials a number on her phone, Asterisk first looks for an extension (in the context specified by the channel driver configuration) that matches exactly what Alice dialed. If there's no exact match, Asterisk then looks for a pattern that matches. After we show the syntax and some basic examples of pattern matching, we'll explain how Asterisk finds the best match if there are two or more patterns which match the dialed number.</span> </p> <h1 id="PatternMatching-SpecialCharactersUsedinPatternMatching" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-changed" id="changed-diff-1" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">Special Characters Used in Pattern Matching</span> </h1> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-changed" id="changed-diff-2" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">Pattern matches always begin with an underscore. This is how Asterisk recognizes that the extension is a pattern and not just an extension with a funny name. Within the pattern, we use various letters and characters to represent sets or ranges of numbers. Here are the most common letters:</span> </p> <h2 id="PatternMatching-X" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-changed" id="changed-diff-3" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">X</span> </h2> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-changed" id="changed-diff-4" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">The letter </span><strong><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">X</span></strong><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;"> or </span><strong><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">x</span></strong><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;"> represents a single digit from 0 to 9.</span> </p> <h2 id="PatternMatching-Z" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-changed" id="changed-diff-5" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">Z</span> </h2> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-changed" id="changed-diff-6" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">The letter </span><strong><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">Z</span></strong><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;"> or </span><strong><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">z</span></strong><span class="diff-html-changed" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;"> represents any digit from 1 to 9.</span> </p> </td>
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<th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB/5635/60fd2eb45debbf4ede2b669f4c9b96b4ce40a937.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/panel.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>Panel</span></th>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0"></p>
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<th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB/5635/60fd2eb45debbf4ede2b669f4c9b96b4ce40a937.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/toc.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>Table of Contents</span></th>
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<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">maxLevel</span></td>
<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">2</span></td>
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</table> <h2 id="PatternMatching-N" class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-changed" id="changed-diff-7" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">N</span> </h2> <p class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">The letter <strong>N</strong> or <strong>n</strong> represents a single digit from 2 to 9.</p> <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">...</p> <p class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">In this example, each <strong>X</strong> represents a single digit, with any value from zero to nine. We're essentially saying "The first digit must be a six, the second digit must be a four, the third digit can be anything from zero to nine, and the fourth digit can be anything from zero to nine".</p> <h1 id="PatternMatching-CharacterSets" class="diff-block-target" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-changed" id="changed-diff-8" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">Character Sets</span> </h1> <p class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">If we want to be more specific about a range of numbers, we can put those numbers or number ranges in square brackets to define a character set. For example, what if we wanted the second digit to be either a three or a four? One way would be to create two patterns (<strong>_64XX</strong> and <strong>_63XX</strong>), but a more compact method would be to do <strong>_6[34]XX</strong>. This specifies that the first digit must be a six, the second digit can be either a three or a four, and that the last two digits can be anything from zero to nine.</p> <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">...</p>
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<th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB/5635/60fd2eb45debbf4ede2b669f4c9b96b4ce40a937.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/note.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>Note</th>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">The X, N, and Z convenience notations mentioned earlier have no special meaning within a set.</p> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">The only characters with special meaning within a set are the '-' character, to define a range between two characters, the '\' character to escape a special character available within a set, and<br /> the ']' character which closes the set. The treatment of the '\' character in pattern matching is somewhat haphazard and may not escape any special character meaning correctly.<span class="HOEnZb"> </span> </p> </td>
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</table> <h1 id="PatternMatching-OtherSpecialCharacters" class="diff-block-target" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-changed" id="changed-diff-9" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">Other Special Characters</span> </h1> <p class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">Within Asterisk patterns, we can also use a couple of other characters to represent ranges of numbers. The period character (<strong>.</strong>) at the end of a pattern matches one or more remaining <strong>characters</strong>. You put it at the end of a pattern when you want to match extensions of an indeterminate length. As an example, the pattern <strong>_9876.</strong> would match any number that began with <strong>9876</strong> and had at least one more character or digit.</p> <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">...</p>
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<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse">Be Careful With Wildcards in Pattern Matches</td>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">Please be extremely cautious when using the period and exclamation mark characters in your pattern matches. They match more than just digits. They match on characters. If you're not careful to filter the input from your callers, a malicious caller might try to use these wildcards to bypass security boundaries on your system.</p> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">For a more complete explanation of this topic and how you can protect yourself, please refer to the <strong>README-SERIOUSLY.bestpractices.txt</strong> file in the Asterisk source code.</p> </td>
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</table> <h1 id="PatternMatching-OrderofPatternMatching" class="diff-block-target" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-changed" id="changed-diff-10" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">Order of Pattern Matching</span> </h1> <p class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">Now let's show what happens when there is more than one pattern that matches the dialed number. How does Asterisk know which pattern to choose as the best match?</p> <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">...</p>
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<td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse">Be Careful with Pattern Matching</td>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">Please be aware that because of the way auto-fallthrough works, if Asterisk can't find the next priority number for the current extension or pattern match, it will also look for that same priority in a less specific pattern match. Consider the following example:</p>
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<th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB/5635/60fd2eb45debbf4ede2b669f4c9b96b4ce40a937.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/noformat.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>No Format</th>
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<td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; padding: 0px; border-collapse: collapse"> <pre style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; margin-top: 0">exten => 6410,1,SayDigits(987)
exten => _641X,1,SayDigits(12345)
exten => _641X,n,SayDigits(54321)
</pre> </td>
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</table> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">If you were to dial extension <strong>6410</strong>, you'd hear "nine eight seven five four three two one".</p> <p style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">We strongly recommend you make the <strong>Hangup()</strong> application be the last priority of any extension to avoid this problem, unless you purposely want to fall through to a less specific match.</p> </td>
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</table> <h1 id="PatternMatching-MatchingonCallerID" class="diff-block-target" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; margin: 40px 0 0 0"> <span class="diff-html-changed" id="changed-diff-11" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">Matching on Caller ID</span> </h1> <p class="diff-block-context" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">Within an extension handler, it is also possible to match based upon the Caller ID of the incoming channel by appending a forward slash to the dialed extension or pattern, followed by a Caller ID pattern to be matched. Consider the following example, featuring phones with Caller IDs of 101, 102 and 103.</p> <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="margin: 10px 0 0 0">...</p> </td>
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