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                                                            <a href="    https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/display/~rnewton " style="color:#326ca6;text-decoration:none;; color: #326ca6; text-decoration: none">Rusty Newton</a> edited the page:
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                                                    <td valign="top" style="font-size: 13px"> <h2 id="email-title-heading" style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; min-height: 20px; margin: 0; padding: 0"> <a href="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/display/AST/Pattern+Matching" style="color: #326ca6; text-decoration: none"> <img class="icon" src="cid:page-icon" alt="" style="border: 0; padding: 0 5px 0 0; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle" /> <strong style="font-size:16px;line-height:20px;vertical-align:top;">Pattern Matching</strong> </a> </h2> </td>
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                                                    <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="font-size: 13px">...</p>
                                                    <p class="diff-block-context" style="font-size: 13px">When Alice dials a number on her phone, Asterisk first looks for an extension (in the context specified by the channel driver configuration) that matches exactly what Alice dialed. If there's no exact match, Asterisk then looks for a pattern that matches. After we show the syntax and some basic examples of pattern matching, we'll explain how Asterisk finds the best match if there are two or more patterns which match the dialed number.</p>
                                                    <h3 id="PatternMatching-SpecialCharactersUsedinPatternMatching" class="diff-block-target diff-block-context"> <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-0" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Special Characters Used in </span><span class="diff-html-changed" id="changed-diff-0" style="background-color: #d6f0ff;">Pattern </span><span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-1" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Matching</span> </h3>
                                                    <p class="diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="font-size: 13px"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Pattern </span>matches always begin with an underscore. This is how Asterisk recognizes that the extension is a pattern and not just an extension with a funny name. Within the pattern, we use various letters and characters to represent sets or ranges of numbers. Here are the most common letters:</p>
                                                    <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="font-size: 13px">...</p>
                                                    <p class="diff-block-context" style="font-size: 13px">Now let's look at a sample pattern. If you wanted to match all four-digit numbers that had the first two digits as six and four, you would create an extension that looks like:</p>
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                                                                <td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; font-size: 13px"> <pre style="font-size: 13px">
<span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-0" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">
</span>exten => _64XX,1,SayDigits(${EXTEN})
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                                                    <p class="diff-block-context" style="font-size: 13px">In this example, each <strong>X</strong> represents a single digit, with any value from zero to nine. We're essentially saying "The first digit must be a six, the second digit must be a four, the third digit can be anything from zero to nine, and the fourth digit can be anything from zero to nine".</p>
                                                    <h3 id="PatternMatching-CharacterSets" class="diff-block-target"> <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-2" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Character Sets</span> </h3>
                                                    <p class="diff-block-context" style="font-size: 13px">If we want to be more specific about a range of numbers, we can put those numbers or number ranges in square brackets to define a character set. For example, what if we wanted the second digit to be either a three or a four? One way would be to create two patterns (<strong>_64XX</strong> and <strong>_63XX</strong>), but a more compact method would be to do <strong>_6[34]XX</strong>. This specifies that the first digit must be a six, the second digit can be either a three or a four, and that the last two digits can be anything from zero to nine.</p>
                                                    <p class="diff-block-context" style="font-size: 13px">You can also use ranges within square brackets. For example, <strong>[1-468]</strong> would match a single digit from one through four or six or eight. It does not match any number from one to four hundred sixty-eight!</p>
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                                                                <td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; font-size: 13px"> <p style="font-size: 13px"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">The X, N, and Z convenience notations mentioned earlier have no special meaning within a set.</span> </p> <p style="font-size: 13px"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">The only characters with special meaning within a set are the '-' character, to define a range between two characters, the  '\' character to escape a special character available within a set, and</span> <br /> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"> the ']' character which closes the set. The treatment of the '\' character in pattern matching is somewhat haphazard and may not escape any special character meaning correctly.</span><span class="HOEnZb"><span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;"> </span></span> </p> </td>
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                                                    <h3 id="PatternMatching-OtherSpecialCharacters" class="diff-block-target diff-block-context"> <span class="diff-html-added" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Other Special Characters</span> </h3>
                                                    <p class="diff-block-context" style="font-size: 13px">Within Asterisk patterns, we can also use a couple of other characters to represent ranges of numbers. The period character (<strong>.</strong>) at the end of a pattern matches one or more remaining <strong>characters</strong>. You put it at the end of a pattern when you want to match extensions of an indeterminate length. As an example, the pattern <strong>_9876.</strong> would match any number that began with <strong>9876</strong> and had at least one more character or digit.</p>
                                                    <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="font-size: 13px">...</p>
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                                                                                <td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; font-size: 13px">Be Careful With Wildcards in Pattern Matches</td>
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                                                                <td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; font-size: 13px"> <p style="font-size: 13px">Please be extremely cautious when using the period and exclamation mark characters in your pattern matches. They match more than just digits. They match on characters. If you're not careful to filter the input from your callers, a malicious caller might try to use these wildcards to bypass security boundaries on your system.</p> <p style="font-size: 13px">For a more complete explanation of this topic and how you can protect yourself, please refer to the <strong>README-SERIOUSLY.bestpractices.txt</strong> file in the Asterisk source code.</p> </td>
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                                                    <h3 id="PatternMatching-OrderofPatternMatching" class="diff-block-target"> <span class="diff-html-added" id="added-diff-4" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddfade;">Order of Pattern Matching</span> </h3>
                                                    <p class="diff-block-context" style="font-size: 13px">Now let's show what happens when there is more than one pattern that matches the dialed number. How does Asterisk know which pattern to choose as the best match?</p>
                                                    <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="font-size: 13px">...</p>
                                                    <p class="diff-block-context" style="font-size: 13px">Let's look at an example to better understand how this works. Let's assume Alice dials extension <strong>6421</strong>, and she has the following patterns in her dialplan:</p>
                                                    <table class="diff-macro diff-block-target" style="background-color: #f0f0f0;border: 1px solid #dddddd;margin: 10px 1px;padding: 0 2px 2px;width: 100%;">
                                                        <thead>
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                                                                <th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;; font-size: 13px"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB-1988229788/4252/6ac85e9b14675c5514a674e1aecae99c9505ed36.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/noformat.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>No Format</th>
                                                            </tr>
                                                        </thead>
                                                        <tbody>
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                                                                <td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; font-size: 13px"> <pre style="font-size: 13px">
<span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-1" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">
</span>exten => _6XX1,1,SayAlpha(A)
exten => _64XX,1,SayAlpha(B)
exten => _640X,1,SayAlpha(C)
exten => _6.,1,SayAlpha(D)
exten => _64NX,1,SayAlpha(E)
exten => _6[45]NX,1,SayAlpha(F)
exten => _6[34]NX,1,SayAlpha(G)
</pre> </td>
                                                            </tr>
                                                        </tbody>
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                                                    <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="font-size: 13px">...</p>
                                                    <table class="diff-macro diff-block-target" style="background-color: #f0f0f0;border: 1px solid #dddddd;margin: 10px 1px;padding: 0 2px 2px;width: 100%;">
                                                        <thead>
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                                                                <th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;; font-size: 13px"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB-1988229788/4252/6ac85e9b14675c5514a674e1aecae99c9505ed36.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/noformat.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>No Format</th>
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                                                        </thead>
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                                                                <td class="diff-macro-properties" style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;padding: 0; border: 1px solid #dddddd;; font-size: 13px">
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                                                                                <td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; font-size: 13px">title</td>
                                                                                <td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; font-size: 13px">Sorted extensions</td>
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                                                                <td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; font-size: 13px"> <pre style="font-size: 13px">
<span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-2" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">
</span>exten => _640X,1,SayAlpha(C)
exten => _64NX,1,SayAlpha(E)
exten => _64XX,1,SayAlpha(B)
exten => _6[34]NX,1,SayAlpha(G)
exten => _6[45]NX,1,SayAlpha(F)
exten => _6XX1,1,SayAlpha(A)
exten => _6.,1,SayAlpha(D)
</pre> </td>
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                                                    <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="font-size: 13px">...</p>
                                                    <p class="diff-block-context" style="font-size: 13px">To verify that Asterisk actually does sort the extensions in the manner that we've shown, add the following extensions to the <strong>[users]</strong> context of your own dialplan.</p>
                                                    <table class="diff-macro diff-block-target" style="background-color: #f0f0f0;border: 1px solid #dddddd;margin: 10px 1px;padding: 0 2px 2px;width: 100%;">
                                                        <thead>
                                                            <tr>
                                                                <th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;; font-size: 13px"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB-1988229788/4252/6ac85e9b14675c5514a674e1aecae99c9505ed36.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/noformat.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>No Format</th>
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                                                                <td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; font-size: 13px"> <pre style="font-size: 13px">
<span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-3" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">
</span>exten => _6XX1,1,SayAlpha(A)
exten => _64XX,1,SayAlpha(B)
exten => _640X,1,SayAlpha(C)
exten => _6.,1,SayAlpha(D)
exten => _64NX,1,SayAlpha(E)
exten => _6[45]NX,1,SayAlpha(F)
exten => _6[34]NX,1,SayAlpha(G)
</pre> </td>
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                                                    <p class="diff-block-context" style="font-size: 13px">Reload the dialplan, and then type <strong>dialplan show 6421@users</strong> at the Asterisk CLI. Asterisk will show you all extensions that match in the <strong>[users]</strong> context. If you were to dial extension <strong>6421</strong> in the <strong>[users]</strong> context the first found extension will execute.</p>
                                                    <table class="diff-macro diff-block-target diff-block-context" style="background-color: #f0f0f0;border: 1px solid #dddddd;margin: 10px 1px;padding: 0 2px 2px;width: 100%;">
                                                        <thead>
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                                                                <th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;; font-size: 13px"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB-1988229788/4252/6ac85e9b14675c5514a674e1aecae99c9505ed36.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/noformat.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>No Format</th>
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                                                                <td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; font-size: 13px"> <pre style="font-size: 13px">
<span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-4" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">
</span>server*CLI> dialplan show 6421@users
[ Context 'users' created by 'pbx_config' ]
  '_64NX' =>        1. SayAlpha(E)                                [pbx_config]
  '_64XX' =>        1. SayAlpha(B)                                [pbx_config]
  '_6[34]NX' =>     1. SayAlpha(G)                                [pbx_config]
  '_6[45]NX' =>     1. SayAlpha(F)                                [pbx_config]
  '_6XX1' =>        1. SayAlpha(A)                                [pbx_config]
  '_6.' =>          1. SayAlpha(D)                                [pbx_config]

-= 6 extensions (6 priorities) in 1 context. =-
</pre> </td>
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                                                    <table class="diff-macro diff-block-target" style="background-color: #f0f0f0;border: 1px solid #dddddd;margin: 10px 1px;padding: 0 2px 2px;width: 100%;">
                                                        <thead>
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                                                                <th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;; font-size: 13px"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB-1988229788/4252/6ac85e9b14675c5514a674e1aecae99c9505ed36.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/noformat.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>No Format</th>
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                                                                <td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; font-size: 13px"> <pre style="font-size: 13px">
<span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-5" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">
</span>server*CLI> dialplan show users
[ Context 'users' created by 'pbx_config' ]
  '_640X' =>        1. SayAlpha(C)                                [pbx_config]
  '_64NX' =>        1. SayAlpha(E)                                [pbx_config]
  '_64XX' =>        1. SayAlpha(B)                                [pbx_config]
  '_6[34]NX' =>     1. SayAlpha(G)                                [pbx_config]
  '_6[45]NX' =>     1. SayAlpha(F)                                [pbx_config]
  '_6XX1' =>        1. SayAlpha(A)                                [pbx_config]
  '_6.' =>          1. SayAlpha(D)                                [pbx_config]

-= 7 extensions (7 priorities) in 1 context. =-
</pre> </td>
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                                                    <p class="diff-context-placeholder" style="font-size: 13px">...</p>
                                                    <table class="diff-macro diff-block-target" style="background-color: #f0f0f0;border: 1px solid #dddddd;margin: 10px 1px;padding: 0 2px 2px;width: 100%;">
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                                                                <th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;; font-size: 13px"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB-1988229788/4252/6ac85e9b14675c5514a674e1aecae99c9505ed36.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/warning.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>Warning</th>
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                                                                <td class="diff-macro-properties" style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;padding: 0; border: 1px solid #dddddd;; font-size: 13px">
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                                                                                <td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; font-size: 13px">title</td>
                                                                                <td style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 0 0 0 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;; font-size: 13px">Be Careful with Pattern Matching</td>
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                                                                <td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; font-size: 13px"> <p style="font-size: 13px">Please be aware that because of the way auto-fallthrough works, if Asterisk can't find the next priority number for the current extension or pattern match, it will also look for that same priority in a less specific pattern match. Consider the following example:</p>
                                                                    <table class="diff-macro" style="background-color: #f0f0f0;border: 1px solid #dddddd;margin: 10px 1px;padding: 0 2px 2px;width: 100%;">
                                                                        <thead>
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                                                                                <th class="diff-macro-title" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;padding: 5px;; font-size: 13px"><span class="icon macro-placeholder-icon" style="background-color: ;line-height: 20px;"><img src="https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/s/en_GB-1988229788/4252/6ac85e9b14675c5514a674e1aecae99c9505ed36.48/_/images/icons/macrobrowser/dropdown/noformat.png" style="padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: text-bottom;" /> </span>No Format</th>
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                                                                                <td class="diff-macro-body" style="background-color: #fff;border: 1px solid #dddddd;padding: 10px;; font-size: 13px"> <pre style="font-size: 13px">
<span class="diff-html-removed" id="removed-diff-6" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffe7e7; text-decoration: line-through;">
</span>exten => 6410,1,SayDigits(987)
exten => _641X,1,SayDigits(12345)
exten => _641X,n,SayDigits(54321)
</pre> </td>
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                                                                    </table> <p style="font-size: 13px">If you were to dial extension <strong>6410</strong>, you'd hear "nine eight seven five four three two one".</p> <p style="font-size: 13px">We strongly recommend you make the <strong>Hangup()</strong> application be the last priority of any extension to avoid this problem, unless you purposely want to fall through to a less specific match.</p> </td>
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